The awareness of the effect emissions have on the environment and climate has risen in the last decades. This has caused strict regulations of greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases cause global warming which may have devastating environmental effects. Most of the fuels commercially available today are fossil fuels. There are two major effects of using fuels with fossil origin; the source will eventually drain and the usage results in an increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Fuels that are created from a renewable feedstock are often referred to as alternative fuels and under ideal conditions they are greenhouse gas neutral, meaning that the same amount of greenhouse gases is released during combustion as the source of the fuel have absorbed during its growth period. This evaluation method is known as a well-to-wheel analysis which besides emissions also evaluates energy efficiencies during both the production and the combustion phases. By evaluating results of well-to-wheel analyses along with fuel properties and engine concept characteristics, this report presents which driving scenario that is suitable for different powertrain configurations…
Contents
1 Thesis Introduction
I Sources
2 Biomass
2.1 Fuels
3 Natural Gas
3.1 Composition
3.2 Fuels
4 Oil
4.1 Fuels
II Products
5 Intermediate Products
5.1 Synthesis Gas
5.1.1 Production
5.2 Biogas
5.2.1 Properties
5.2.2 Production
5.2.3 Usage and Future Possibilities
6 FT-Diesel
6.1 Properties
6.2 Production
6.3 Usage and Future Possibilities
7 Biodiesel
7.1 Properties
7.2 Production
7.3 Usage and Future Possibilities
8 DME
8.1 Properties
8.2 Production
8.3 Usage and Future Possibilities
9 Methanol
9.1 Properties
9.2 Production
9.3 Usage and Future Possibilities
10 Ethanol
10.1 Properties
10.2 Production
10.2.1 Acid Hydrolysis
10.2.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
10.2.3 Thermochemical Processes
10.3 Usage and Future Possibilities
11 Hydrogen
11.1 Properties
11.2 Production
11.3 Usage and Future Possibilities
12 Biomethane
12.1 Properties
12.2 Production
12.2.1 Removal of Hydrogen Sulphide
12.2.2 Removal of Carbon Dioxide
12.2.3 Removal of Other Contaminants
12.3 Usage and Future Possibilities
13 Refined Natural Gas
13.1 Properties
13.2 Production
13.2.1 Oil and Condensate Removal
13.2.2 Water Removal
13.2.3 Separation of Natural Gas Liquids
13.2.4 Sulphur and Carbon Dioxide Removal
13.3 Transport
13.4 Usage and Future Possibilities
14 Oil Based Fuels
14.1 Properties
14.2 Production
14.3 Usage and Future Possibilities
15 Batteries
15.1 Properties
15.2 Usage and Future Possibilities
III Powertrains
16 IC-Engine
16.1 PISI-Engine
16.2 DICI-Engine
16.3 HCCI-Engine
17 Fuel Cells
17.1 Technology
18 Electric Hybrid Vehicle
18.1 Series Hybrid
18.2 Parallel Hybrid
18.3 Series-Parallel Hybrid
IV Well-to-Wheel Analysis
19 Well-To-Wheel Analysis
19.1 Reliability
19.2 Acknowledgment
20 Well-to-Tank Analysis
20.1 Electricity
20.2 Oil Based Fuels
20.3 Natural Gas Based Fuels
20.4 Biomass Based Fuels
21 Tank-to-Wheel Analysis
21.1 Results
22 Well-to-Wheel Results
V Analysis
23 Analysis
23.1 Driving Scenarios
23.2 Industrial Vehicles
23.3 Summary of Well-to-Wheel Analysis
24 End User Cost
25 Discussions of Different Powertrains and Fuels
25.1 Organic Waste
25.2 Waste Wood
25.3 Dedicated Crop
25.4 Biomethane
25.5 Hydrogen
25.6 Methanol and Ethanol
25.7 DME
25.8 Biodiesel and FT-diesel
26 Summary
26.1 Conclusions
26.2 Acknowledgments and Reservations
Bibliography
Author: Gunnarsson, Andreas
Source: Linköping University
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