Characterization of the MIL-F-24385F Nozzle

Aqueous Film Forming Foam has been a fire suppression agent in use for nearly forty years. During this period, there has been little emphasis on characterizing the flow from nozzles that have a throw of only a few meters. With environmental concerns starting to appear, it is important to understand how the foam behaves. The research presented in this document attempts to quantify the mass flux and momentum of the foam. This was done using both experimental data and hand calculations. A range of nozzle angles were examined in an attempt to set bounds of the minimum and maximum expected values.

Author: Hoskins, Bryan Lawrence

Source: University of Maryland

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Contents

Introduction
1.1 Forerunners of AFFF
1.2 Development of AFFF
1.3 Need for Characterization
1.4 Considerations
1.5 Summary
2 Literature Review
2.1 MILSPEC Test
2.2 Related Test Procedures
2.2.1 Foam Nozzles with Large Throws
2.2.2 Sprinklers
2.2.2.1Factory Mutual Approval Standard 2008
2.3 Foam Jet Characterization
2.4 Summary
3 Method
3.1 Apparatus
3.1.1 Testing Location
3.1.2 Set-Up
3.1.2.1 Nozzle and Tank Assembly
3.1.2.2 Target Area
3.1.2.2.1 Mass Distribution
3.1.2.2.2 Momentum
3.2 Test Design
3.2.1 Mass Distribution
3.2.2 Momentum
3.2.2.1 Leading Edge
3.2.2.2 Particle Trajectories and Size
3.3 Other Variables
3.4 Summary
4 Data
4.1 Mass Distribution
4.1.1 Aspirated Foam
4.1.1.1 Zero Degrees Above the Horizon
4.1.1.2 Fifteen Degrees Below the Horizon
4.1.1.3 Fifteen Degrees Above the Horizon
4.1.2 Nonaspirated Foam
4.1.2.1 Zero Degrees Above the Horizon
4.1.2.2 Fifteen Degrees Below the Horizon
4.1.2.3 Fifteen Degrees Above the Horizon
4.2 Momentum
4.2.1 Leading Edge Velocity
4.2.2 Side View of Jet
4.2.3 Particle Trajectories
4.2.4 Particle Size Distribution
4.3 Summary
5 Theory
5.1 Equations
5.2 Assumptions
5.3 Application
5.3.1 Trajectory
5.3.2 Predicted Mass Distribution
5.4 Summary
6 Discussion
6.1 Mass Distribution
6.1.1 Collected Mass
6.1.1.1 Mass Flux
6.1.2 Analysis
6.1.2.1 Aspirated Foam
6.1.2.2 Nonaspirated Foam
6.2 Momentum
6.2.1 Side View of Jet
6.2.2 Leading Edge Velocity
6.2.3 Particle Trajectories
6.2.4 Particle Size Distribution
6.3 Theory
6.3.1 Radius Variation
6.3.2 Trajectories
6.3.3 Predicted Mass Distribution
6.3.4 Initial Velocity
6.4 Summary
7 Conclusions
7.1 Limitations
7.2 Conclusions
7.3 Future Research
Appendix A Blank Mass Distribution Data Sheet
Appendix B Aspirated 0º Raw Mass Distribution Data
Appendix C Aspirated ñ15º Raw Mass Distribution Data
Appendix D Aspirated 15º Raw Mass Distribution Data
Appendix E Nonaspirated 0º Raw Mass Distribution Data
Appendix F Nonaspirated ñ15º Raw Mass Distribution Data
Appendix G Nonaspirated 15º Raw Mass Distribution Data
Appendix H Early Flow Overhead Camera Data
Appendix I Late Flow Overhead Camera Data
Appendix J Early Flow Side Camera Data
Appendix K Late Flow Side Camera Data
Appendix L Aspirated 0º Cup Level Camera Positions
Appendix M Aspirated ñ15º Cup Level Camera Positions
Appendix N Aspirated 15º Cup Level Camera Positions
Appendix O Blank Particle Size and Velocity Data Sheet
Appendix P Aspirated 0º Particle Trajectory and Size Data
Appendix Q Aspirated ñ15º Particle Trajectory and Size Data
Appendix R Aspirated 15º Particle Trajectory and Size Data
Appendix S Aspirated 0º Test 2 Particle Size Distribution Data
Appendix T Aspirated 0º Test 5 Particle Size Distribution Data
Appendix U Aspirated 0º Initial Velocities
Appendix V Aspirated 0º Single Particle Position and Velocity
Appendix W Aspirated 0º Mass Flow Rate
Appendix X Aspirated ñ15º Single Particle Position and Velocity
Appendix Y Aspirated 0º Predicted Final Positions
Appendix Z Aspirated ñ15º Predicted Final Positions
Appendix AA Aspirated 15º Predicted Final Positions
Appendix AB Aspirated 0º Adjusted Mass Distribution Data
Appendix AC Aspirated ñ15º Adjusted Mass Distribution Data
Appendix AD Aspirated 15º Adjusted Mass Distribution Data
Appendix AE Nonaspirated 0º Adjusted Mass Distribution Data
Appendix AF Nonaspirated ñ15º Adjusted Mass Distribution Data
Appendix AG Nonaspirated 15º Adjusted Mass Distribution Data
Appendix AH Aspirated 0º Mass Flux Data
Appendix AI Aspirated ñ15º Mass Flux Data
Appendix AJ Aspirated 15º Mass Flux Data
Appendix AK Nonaspirated 0º Mass Flux Data
Appendix AL Nonaspirated ñ15º Mass Flux Data
Appendix AM Nonaspirated 15º Mass Flux Data
Appendix AN Collected Mass Fractions Per Row and Column
Appendix AO Aspirated 0º Predicted Mass Flux
Appendix AP Aspirated ñ15º Predicted Mass Flux
Appendix AQ Aspirated 15º Predicted Mass Flux
References

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