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High-risk type human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with cancer. HPVs are strictly epitheliotropic and infect basal cell layers, establishing a life cycle strongly linked to the differentiation stage of the infected cells. The viral capsid late genes, L2 and L1, are only
In the western world colitis is a common chronic disease and in Sweden the prevalence is around 1%. If a patient has bloody diarrhea it is probably ulcerative proctocolitis or Crohn’s disease, whereas if the diarrhea is watery, it is microscopic colitis.
In this thesis, methods to study gene and protein expression in cells and tissues were developed and utilized in combination with protein-specific antibodies, with the overall objective to attain greater understanding of protein function.To analyze protein expression in in vitro cultured cell
Epigenetic modifications were shown to play an essential role in tumorigenesis. Epigenetic mechanisms can alter transcription in several ways, through DNA methylation and/or through histone modification. DNA methylation at the TSS (transcriptional start site) has been implicated in tumor development and gene
During brain activity neurons release the major excitatory transmitter glutamate, which is taken up by astrocytes and converted to glutamine. Glutamine returns to neurons for re-conversion to glutamate. This glutamate-glutamine cycle is energy demanding. Glutamate turnover in injured brain was studied using
Education for teenagers with diabetes has had limited effects to date, especially regarding metabolic control. The development had been towards more patient-centred approaches, like empowerment, motivational interviews and family behavioural programmes. A patient-centred approach means that the patient is expected to take
The developing nervous system depends largely on extracellular cues to shape its complex network of neurons. Classically, neurotrophins are known to be important mediators in this process. More recently, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily
Stem cells have the capacity for both self renewal, and to form all cell types in the body. Interestingly, so called neural stem cells (NSCs) are found in the adult human brain, which is of significance both out of a developmental perspective
Physical activity (PA) is likely to constitute an important aspect of health-related behaviour in growing children. However, the knowledge on levels and patterns of PA in children is limited, due to the difficulty of precisely measuring this complex behaviour in normal daily
In general, patient participation is regarded as being informed and partaking in decision making regarding one’s care and treatment. This interpretation is common in legislation throughout the Western world and corresponding documents guiding health care professionals, as well as in scientific studies.