Streptococcus agalactiae, also designated group B streptococcus (GBS), is a Gram-positive coccus, and it is an important pathogen that causes invasive disease in neonates, pregnant adults, and non-pregnant adults with predisposing conditions. The group II intron GBSi1 is one of the major mobile genetic elements identified in S. agalactiae. The aim of this thesis was to Adenoviruses belong to the most common human pathogens. The severity of infection varies greatly, from subclinical to lethal, depending on the virus type and immune status of the infected host. The 51 known human adenovirus serotypes are divided into six species (A-F) based on characteristics such as tropism. Species B adenoviruses, which are the subjects of this thesis, are further divided into subspecies B:1 that contains Ad3, Ad7, Ad16, Ad21 and Ad50 and subspecies…
Contents
INTRODUCTION
History
Taxonomy
BIOLOGY
Virion structure
Structural proteins
Major structural proteins
The hexon protein
The penton: penton base protein
The penton: fiber protein
Minor capsid proteins
pIIIa
pVI
pVIII pIXcore proteins
pV
pVII
pTP
Non-structural proteins
Adenovirus life cycle
Adenovirus receptors
CAR
CAR: Structure, function and localization
CAR: Mediator of adenovirus entry or escape
CAR: Interactions with the adenovirus fiber knob
Sialic acid
CD46
CD46 as a pathogen “magnet”
CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2)
Additional receptors
Internalization
Role of the penton base and integrins
Intracellular dismantling of virions
Integrins are involved in subsequent internalization events
Intracellular transport and nuclear docking
Internalization of non-species C adenoviruses
Adenovirus genome
DNA replication
Procession and transport of structural proteins
Virion assembly
Viral escape
ADENOVIRUSES AS GENE THERAPY VECTORS
Replication incompetent adenovirus vectors
Conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds)
Vector retargeting
THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
The classical pathway
The lectin pathway
The alternative pathway
The role of CD46
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Papers
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Author: Marttila, Marko
Source: Umea University
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